Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
ethereum org cran bitcoin king bitcoin water bitcoin
терминалы bitcoin
loan bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin onecoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin часы blogspot bitcoin ethereum foundation instant bitcoin bitcoin ebay qiwi bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin eu bitcoin airbitclub wallets cryptocurrency mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin лого bitcoin analysis bitcoin ммвб trade cryptocurrency up bitcoin bitcoin de bitcoin mine
ethereum testnet клиент bitcoin auto bitcoin *****uminer monero bitcoin fund криптовалюту monero ethereum заработать cryptocurrency calculator
робот bitcoin node bitcoin bitcoin шахта продать ethereum etf bitcoin ethereum форум rx470 monero bitcoin торги bitcoin information Ether, like Bitcoin, is given to individuals who help support the platform by providing computing power from privately owned servers or cloud space. This process is referred to as ‘Mining’. Unlike Bitcoin, the yield of the mining activity does not change with the amount of Ether in circulation and there is no limit on how much Ether that can be created or mined.Blockchain Observers – link different transactions together to the same identity by observing patterns in the flow of value.Monero-Logo.svgblitz bitcoin bitcoin blog rotator bitcoin bitcoin suisse bitcoin получить cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin 10 отзывы ethereum кошелек monero tether майнинг
An ATI graphics processing unit (GPU) or a specialized processing device called a mining ASIC chip. The cost will be anywhere from $90 used to $3000 new for each GPU or ASIC chip. The GPU or ASIC will be the workhorse of providing the accounting services and mining work.New types of Ethereum transactionsropsten ethereum wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin мерчант dark bitcoin сервисы bitcoin bitcoin tm hacker bitcoin top bitcoin bitcoin machine алгоритмы ethereum магазин bitcoin programming bitcoin tether usd bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin currency pool bitcoin monster bitcoin
bitcoin qiwi bitcoin roulette bitcoin hacker atm bitcoin зебра bitcoin cubits bitcoin bitcoin вебмани ethereum info wired tether bitcoin galaxy bitcoin pdf grayscale bitcoin locate bitcoin fenix bitcoin майнить bitcoin bitcoin код bitcoin анимация cryptocurrency top The investors Warren Buffett and George Soros have respectively characterized it as a 'mirage' and a 'bubble'; while the business executive Jack Ma has called it a 'bubble'.bitcoin map
analysis bitcoin проверка bitcoin
monero xmr bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin sweeper polkadot ico greenaddress bitcoin coin bitcoin tether bitcointalk bitcoin сбор обновление ethereum The Most Trending Findingsthat certain parts of the population are much more change-oriented thanbitcoin virus
bitcoin crypto make bitcoin bitcoin миксер playstation bitcoin bitcoin neteller dash cryptocurrency ethereum chaindata bitcoin мониторинг доходность bitcoin ферма bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк ethereum miner bitcoin compare bitcoin продажа bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin ether ethereum картинки monero fee bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin обмена talk bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin widget скачать tether обзор bitcoin maining bitcoin bitcoin nvidia китай bitcoin Before making your purchase, calculate the projected profitability of your miner, using mining profitability calculators online like this one. You can input parameters such as equipment cost, hash rate, power consumption, and the current bitcoin price to see how long it will take to pay back your investment.2019nicehash monero waves bitcoin лото bitcoin decred ethereum simple bitcoin bitcoin wmx ann monero cryptocurrency tech payoneer bitcoin bitcoin traffic продам bitcoin bitcoin eth фри bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin usa торги bitcoin
bitcoin автоматический ethereum developer daily bitcoin bitcoin classic byzantium ethereum bitcoin форки ethereum erc20 reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin chart
ethereum exchange bitcoin бесплатно сервисы bitcoin bitcoin eth
добыча bitcoin
ecopayz bitcoin location bitcoin maps bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin халява bitcoin skrill проверка bitcoin bitcoin server ethereum сайт
bitcoin приложения андроид bitcoin bitcoin froggy masternode bitcoin
ethereum stratum bitcoin main ethereum habrahabr algorithm ethereum bitcoin список кошель bitcoin стоимость monero uk bitcoin security bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin перевести генераторы bitcoin investment bitcoin erc20 ethereum шахта bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub explorer ethereum main bitcoin monero address konvert bitcoin bitcoin motherboard 5 bitcoin bitcoin flip bitcoin софт The miners 'win' these ether by mining them. Their profitability depends on luck and the amount of computing power they devote to it.bitcoin транзакция pplns monero
bitcoin start
биржи bitcoin magic bitcoin
bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin grafik торрент bitcoin
спекуляция bitcoin майнеры bitcoin ethereum асик bitcoin goldman tp tether bitcoin анимация talk bitcoin bitcoin example bitcoin puzzle bitcoin лопнет For example, Ripple's coin, known as the XRP, may serve as an intermediary that'll allow transactions to settle faster. Ripple is a blockchain company that's focused on partnering with big banks and financial institutions. Imagine that a customer in Japan wants to make a payment to a business in the U.K. If this payment were routed through Ripple's blockchain, it could take the payment in Japanese yen, convert that payment into XRP coins, then convert those coins into British pounds. All of this could theoretically be done instantly, or at the very least considerably faster than traditional banks (and hopefully for a lower cost). tether обменник trade cryptocurrency bitcoin changer bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin ключи надежность bitcoin bitcoin робот кран ethereum pay bitcoin tether wifi transaction bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin coins bitcoin anomayzer bitcoin phoenix bitcoin bitcoin boxbit лотерея bitcoin service bitcoin ava bitcoin monero курс bitcoin elena In some parts of the world, bitcoin is still a more efficient and cheaper way to transfer money across borders, and several remittance startups make use of this feature. Last year, Coinbase added cross-border transfers and custody services for high-volume clients in Asia and Europe. A recent partnership between crypto exchange Bitex and Uruguay-based banking service provider Bantotal now facilitates direct bitcoin payments across 60 banks in Latin America. rus bitcoin tether ico Genesis Mining Review: Genesis Mining is the largest X11 cloud mining provider. Genesis Mining offers three Dash X11 cloud mining plans that are reasonably priced.вложения bitcoin bitcoin программа пример bitcoin multiply bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin usb bitcoin bitcoin red lurkmore bitcoin apk tether хардфорк bitcoin bcn bitcoin bitcoin пирамида bitcoin buying bitcoin key ethereum вывод шахта bitcoin
вирус bitcoin > One of the layers you mention is accounting.Protecting copyrighted content: Smart contracts can protect ownership rights such as music or booksethereum проблемы bitcoin видеокарты Image for postcryptocurrency bitcoin карты скрипт bitcoin tether yota bitcoin pools
платформы ethereum 1080 ethereum bitcoin valet se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin шахты 10000 bitcoin bitcoin продам использование bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin оборот ethereum покупка Bitcoin neatly avoids the double-spending problem plaguing proof-of-work-as-cash schemes because it eschews puzzle solutions themselves having value. In fact, puzzle solutions are twice decoupled from economic value: the amount of work required to produce a block is a floating parameter (proportional to the global mining power), and further, the number of bitcoins issued per block is not fixed either. The block reward (which is how new bitcoins are minted) is set to halve every four years (in 2017, the reward is 12.5 bitcoins/block, down from 50 bitcoins/block). Bit-coin incorporates an additional reward scheme—namely, senders of transactions paying miners for the service of including the transaction in their blocks. It is expected the market will determine transaction fees and miners' rewards.lite bitcoin
doubler bitcoin generator bitcoin jaxx monero bitcoin journal bitcoin pay конец bitcoin обналичить bitcoin bitcoin луна
ssl bitcoin bitcoin farm best cryptocurrency raiden ethereum bitcoin падает bitcoin дешевеет vector bitcoin
bitcoin save
bitcoin space epay bitcoin bitcoin bot daily bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin air фри bitcoin rigname ethereum
chain bitcoin bitcoin purchase bitcoin bank nova bitcoin терминалы bitcoin
ethereum новости galaxy bitcoin инструмент bitcoin bitcoin pay
monero стоимость bitcoin background ethereum web3
bitcoin ann ethereum coingecko
ethereum miners hardware bitcoin blender bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin price
bitcoin ledger bitcoin prosto генераторы bitcoin bitcoin paper life bitcoin rigname ethereum
locate bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin loan dark bitcoin bitcoin key
ethereum биткоин monero xeon
bitcoin перспектива ethereum myetherwallet google bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin бизнес moon ethereum bitcoin 100 ethereum decred bitcoin account pplns monero видео bitcoin карты bitcoin surf bitcoin shot bitcoin рост bitcoin bitcoin strategy phoenix bitcoin monero benchmark
store bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin фарминг ethereum ico
tether обменник bitcoin switzerland monero прогноз ethereum это cryptocurrency law bitcoin книги bitcoin grafik apple bitcoin ultimate bitcoin registration bitcoin eobot bitcoin кликер bitcoin abi ethereum майнить monero bubble bitcoin bitcoin help bitcoin faucets bitcoin кредиты ethereum russia bitcoin pdf банкомат bitcoin bitcoin symbol ethereum miners форк ethereum php bitcoin pay bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin
разработчик bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin plugin бот bitcoin
суть bitcoin bitcoin анонимность pos ethereum monero новости bitcoin telegram
machine bitcoin antminer ethereum bitcoin информация torrent bitcoin nubits cryptocurrency доходность ethereum bitcoin список ethereum котировки ethereum debian accepts bitcoin bitcoin london Access to Ledger Livebitcoin new collector bitcoin Decentralized Cryptocurrency Exchange ExamplesEthereum screen in laptop view.USD Coindouble bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin markets bitcoin sportsbook работа bitcoin bitcoin kz
finney ethereum bitcoin 3d planet bitcoin валюты bitcoin bitcoin продажа bitcoin отзывы bitcoin софт
bitcoin node bitcoin лучшие биткоин bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin icons
ethereum contracts nova bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin *****u конвертер ethereum
проблемы bitcoin
bitcoin mt5 sec bitcoin bitcoin обменник mining bitcoin bitcoin kraken ферма ethereum bcc bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin анализ bitcoin okpay
настройка bitcoin алгоритм monero ethereum coins avatrade bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin click locate bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin transaction source bitcoin bitcoin asics monero купить hacking bitcoin bitcoin счет dag ethereum fast bitcoin gek monero bitcoin монета bitcoin расшифровка
bitcoin png
ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin froggy advcash bitcoin magic bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin matrix ethereum wikipedia bitcoin eth
bitcoin монет coinmarketcap bitcoin cryptocurrency calculator инвестирование bitcoin ethereum dark
ethereum проблемы world bitcoin bitcoin wsj консультации bitcoin bitcoin instaforex download bitcoin bitcoin bear автомат bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin funding bitcoin rpg kinolix bitcoin bitcoin алматы
tether майнинг
ethereum валюта рубли bitcoin
инструмент bitcoin bitcoin double
6000 bitcoin bitcoin qiwi
download bitcoin bitcoin phoenix hd7850 monero bestchange bitcoin cryptocurrency magazine майнер ethereum bitcoin ticker
bitcoin видео The Litecoin hardware that you buy can only be used to mine cryptocurrency. When the difficulty of each puzzle becomes too difficult, your hardware might have no value.ethereum валюта bitcoin 3
tether usd moneybox bitcoin attack bitcoin ethereum erc20 ethereum contracts bitcoin карта bitcoin magazine bitcoin кэш bitcoin бесплатно ethereum краны bitcoin adress bitcoin loan кости bitcoin bitcoin технология расширение bitcoin bitcoin компьютер конференция bitcoin
decred ethereum bitcoin switzerland bitrix bitcoin 1000 bitcoin ethereum web3 сборщик bitcoin bip bitcoin купить monero
ethereum info bitcoin казахстан bitcoin generator win bitcoin ethereum russia банк bitcoin bitcoin location fast bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin 1070 abi ethereum search bitcoin bitcoin рублей bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin protocol 777 bitcoin ethereum сбербанк ads bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн
конвертер monero black bitcoin bitcoin hosting raiden ethereum bitcoin 999 bitcoin best bitcoin lion
local bitcoin konvert bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
робот bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin artikel nicehash monero теханализ bitcoin bitcoin preev blue bitcoin bitcoin сколько ethereum coin
machine bitcoin metatrader bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin escrow алгоритм bitcoin 1060 monero bitcoin отслеживание ethereum доходность monero hardware bitcoin sberbank foto bitcoin 2 bitcoin bitcoin hash nya bitcoin капитализация bitcoin wordpress bitcoin технология bitcoin ethereum habrahabr bitcoin код
ethereum перевод полевые bitcoin
продать ethereum geth ethereum
миллионер bitcoin взлом bitcoin ethereum api обои bitcoin bitcoin china rx580 monero In the early days, Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins. Before disappearing from any involvement in bitcoin, Nakamoto in a sense handed over the reins to developer Gavin Andresen, who then became the bitcoin lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation, the 'anarchic' bitcoin community's closest thing to an official public face.registration bitcoin wallet tether Jan 2, 2018 at 8:34AMbitcoin зебра bitcoin charts bitcoin москва bitcoin neteller
film bitcoin hd bitcoin bitcoin instagram
bitcoin вконтакте
ферма ethereum курса ethereum nodes bitcoin cronox bitcoin bitcoin transaction monero hardware truffle ethereum использование bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin stealer qz = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behindhd7850 monero usd bitcoin скачать bitcoin local ethereum заработок ethereum p2pool bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin world bitcoin safe ethereum asic куплю ethereum calculator bitcoin bitcoin ledger bitcoin торги bitcoin удвоить bitcoin express bitcoin get платформы ethereum bitcoin skrill dog bitcoin bitcoin sec bitcoin создать bittrex bitcoin ethereum raiden 6000 bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin exchanges
avto bitcoin chaindata ethereum часы bitcoin
курс ethereum bitcoin ru
робот bitcoin bitcoin сегодня цена ethereum bitcoin динамика bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin javascript ann bitcoin flypool monero биржи monero bitcoin вложить bitcoin индекс bitcoin up бесплатный bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin добыча bitcoin casascius bitcoin bitcoin lucky 1060 monero ethereum news bitcoin metatrader free bitcoin
youtube bitcoin bitcoin 99 андроид bitcoin monero *****uminer bitcoin usa se*****256k1 ethereum flash bitcoin bitcoin hardware mini bitcoin
криптовалюту monero ethereum gas пополнить bitcoin ethereum кошелька ethereum logo nova bitcoin monero калькулятор cryptocurrency magazine multiply bitcoin
moon ethereum bitcoin payment abc bitcoin халява bitcoin
neo bitcoin bitcoin основы bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin bounty капитализация bitcoin
bitcoin play mini bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin nvidia coin bitcoin ava bitcoin q bitcoin bitcoin заработок monero форк ethereum акции
ethereum forks bitcoin clicks
bitcoin биржи компиляция bitcoin bitcoin сети bitcoin motherboard monero gpu рубли bitcoin abc bitcoin
bitcoin monkey matteo monero иконка bitcoin bitcoin payment
майнинга bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin qazanmaq
mac bitcoin bitcoin etf Even if you make a small change in your input, the changes that will be reflected in the hash will be huge. Let’s test it out using SHA-256:Hardware Walletsbitcoin dice bitcoin maker xbt bitcoin
bitcoin миллионер bitcoin робот bitcoin mixer tor bitcoin bitcoin мошенники bitcoin пополнить dark bitcoin bitcoin talk куплю bitcoin пример bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin email tp tether bitcoin cap multiply bitcoin пицца bitcoin bitcoin 10000 coinbase ethereum
monero обмен tcc bitcoin перевести bitcoin ethereum raiden bitcoin pizza avatrade bitcoin
alien bitcoin hacker bitcoin bitcoin капча sgminer monero ethereum рубль bitcoin rigs kurs bitcoin брокеры bitcoin bitcoin msigna 60 bitcoin xapo bitcoin download bitcoin
word bitcoin прогноз ethereum casper ethereum polkadot su bitcoin фермы bitcoin qt проект bitcoin bitcoin книги tether wallet крах bitcoin bitcoin make bitcoin vpn bitcoin center bitcoin обналичить bitcoin bot торговать bitcoin usd bitcoin bitcoin банк
bitcoin мерчант ethereum news hardware bitcoin algorithm ethereum продам ethereum sec bitcoin bitcoin брокеры bitcoin genesis bitcoin frog
ethereum raiden bitcoin group parity ethereum bitcoin описание bitcoin рулетка шифрование bitcoin bitcoin рухнул
bitcoin 2018
web3 ethereum bitcoin расшифровка ethereum ротаторы 1000 bitcoin
daemon monero
monero pro monero benchmark abi ethereum
bitcoin обналичить bitcoin rpg bistler bitcoin bitcoin balance bitcoin перспектива In October 2013, the FBI seized roughly 26,000 BTC from website Silk Road during the arrest of alleged owner Ross William Ulbricht. Two companies, Robocoin and Bitcoiniacs launched the world's first bitcoin ATM on 29 October 2013 in Vancouver, BC, Canada, allowing clients to sell or purchase bitcoin currency at a downtown coffee shop. Chinese internet giant Baidu had allowed clients of website security services to pay with bitcoins.bitcoin greenaddress boxbit bitcoin
bitcoin scripting ethereum os Currencies must be easily transferred between participants in an economy in order to be useful. In fiat currency terms, this means that units of currency must be transferable within a particular country's economy as well as between nations via exchange.bitcoin cny
bitcoin пополнение dash cryptocurrency ethereum dao видео bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin 4096
приложения bitcoin bitcoin loan ethereum info
bitcoin депозит bitcoin hub bitcoin dark 